Greek Shipping Competition

Greek Shipping Competition Introduction: During the 20th century Greek shipping eventually developed as one of the most competitive players globally. Greek shipowners managed to establish their reputation as dominant players based on a well-structured positioning mix that has supported their efforts throughout the years. A variety of studies has been developed aiming to define what precisely supported Greek owners to build this successful entrepreneurial structure and which factor allowed them to obtain and sustain the competitiveness of the Greek shipping. According to M. Porter ‘’competitiveness†¦.’’ The definition for the competitiveness of Greek shipping has been studied by a respectful number of mostly Greek academics. The majority of the studies, focused mainly in specific sectors (e.g. dry bulks) or factors (e.g. Greek shipping network) as to analyse the competitive advantage of the Greek fleet. However, the aim of this paper is to evaluate if Greek shipping can sustain its competitive character. Thus, from the point of view of the writer, it will be more realistic to analyse a range of factors and sectors that contribute to the success of Greek shipping. It would not be simplistic to say that at the end of the day the competitiveness is defined by profitability. (2) From the referred range of studies and publishes, the writer believes that the competitive strength Greek shipping companies is summarised into careful selection of Business (cost control) and investment (timing) strategies. (1) Thus, in this paper we are going to investigate to what extent Greek shipowners will be able to sustain their competitiveness in the long-run based on the above principles. Specifically, the paper is about to concentrate on analysing the fleet on the basis of: Managerial Structure (business strategy) and Investment (timing) strategy. Once again, the aim will be the overall evaluation of the long-term prospects of Greek shipping to sustain its competitiveness. Fleet Analysis: General Information: Historically, shipping has played crucial role for Greek people and it has characterised some of the most important moments of their history: during the Persian Wars and the battleship of Salamina, in the Greek revolution against Ottoman Empire in 1821, the Balkan Wars and the World War I the Greek ships played significant role and affected the citizens of the Greece and (in some occasions) the global status quo as well. Figure 1, Source: BCG Impact assessment of Greek shipping on Economy and Society However, in our days when we refer to the Greek shipping we mean the great presence of the Greek shipowners to the global market. This presence was firstly established in dry bulk and the tanker (oil, products) sectors but lately we have strong signs of diversification into more sectors such as the container ships and the gas tankers. Statistical Analysis: It is better to set clear, in this paper when we refer to the term of ‘’Greek shipping’’ we actually discuss the Greek-controlled ships irrespectively of the company’s headquarters and the flag under the ships sail. (3) The reason of this choice reflects on the following table which describes the attitude of the owners to flag out their ships. Figure 2, The 35 countries and territories with the largest owned fleets, as of 31st January 2013 (DWT) Thus, according to the UNCTAD (2013 Report), only the 22.3% of Greek ships sail under the national flag when the remaining 77.7% sail under international flags. Hence, for the aim of the paper we will analyse the wider Greek-owned fleet instead of only focusing to the ship that are registered in Greece. Under that basis we can present the following statistical figures (which will be commented on the following part of this paper): The Greek-owned fleet is consisted of 4573 vessels and managed by 690 companies. Figure 3, Number of Greek-owned vessels, SOURCE: 2013 Petrofin research by Ted Petropoulos, October 2013 The 65.07% of the companies possess less than 5 ships while fleets with 25+ ships represent the 5.07% of the total. Figure 4, Fleet distribution of Greek Companies, SOURCE: 2013 Petrofin research by Ted Petropoulos, October 2013 The average age of the fleet has declined recently and at the end of 2013 was about 14.05 years. Figure 5, Average age of Greek fleet, SOURCE: 2013 Petrofin research by Ted Petropoulos, October 2013 Greek Orderbook (end of 02/2014) corresponds to 496 vessels (approximately 11% of existing fleet) of several types. Figure 6, Type of Orders by type, SOURCE: SIN database The majority of the new buildings have been ordered in Chinese shipyards while Republic of Korea follows with a slight difference: Figure 7, Greek Orderbook by country of builder, SOURCE: SIN database Greek shipping status Analysis: Management structure: Company Structure: As it has been referred, there are 690 shipping companies (Petrofin) mainly under tight family management. In Figure 4 we observe that the majority of the Greek companies possess a small fleet of ships. This can be a result of taxation strategy or mainly can be driven by the attitude of shipowners globally to not risk the viability of their whole business if one of their ships faces problems with regulation or capital cost. In the case of Greek shipping, the fragmentation of the market probably takes place for an extra reason: the majority of Greek shipping companies are family companies. Thus, there is a tendency that, after some years of experience in the family business, some members decide to build their own start-up business. This effort is supported by the knowledge gained previously and to the available capital. However, this attitude may contribute to the pluralism of the market and to promote Greek entrepreneurship but at the same time may trigger problems for the new companies which sometimes struggle to survive due to market reasons. More importantly, however, the new firms may be treated as undermining efforts against the family operations (4 Theotokas). Furthermore, it should be mentioned that small firms may be forced out of the business if they cannot attract sufficient financing.(5) The most significant advantage of the traditional form of Greek shipping companies is the philosophy of cutting costs passed from one generation to other.(6) However, family members ought to be quite qualified to perform their duties and not placed in businesses exclusively for reasons of heredity. (7) Another significant factor which has come under intense debate is the listing of Greek Companies to exchange markets. At the moment only the 6% of the total is listed, mainly in foreign exchanges (8,Petrofin).Listing can be used as a way of financing. However, Greek companies seek to find the ideal chemistry between a family-run company and a public outlet (9,Tsakos). As a third-generation shipowner A. Martinos quotes â€Å"a stock listed company has no head but a family company can move quickly with decision and authority† indicating a factor of flexibility for the Greek companies. People (human resources) The positioning of the Greek shipowners has been outstanding throughout the years. The reason behind this success can amongst others be the human factor. The fact that the first generation shipowners had been in the sea gave the sophisticated know-how to the industry which has been transferred throughout years and generations.(Theotokas). The referred know-how enables the ability to minimise costs and the dare to invest when the market is low. Particularly, the ability of achieving good timing and good choices has allowed the Greeks to perform excellent the asset play, to turn negative momentum into fleet expansion and to obtain market share and huge capital.(A fleet for the†¦THAN 10) Investment Strategy: Orderbook: The Greek Orderbook is one of the largest at the moment and as it is illustrated in Figure 6, there have been investments to multiple sectors. Specifically, we comment on the most interesting investments: Dry Bulks: Gas Tankers: Containers: Financing: What is the propeller for a ship is finance for a shipping company.(Petropoulos 11) Greek shipping has been significantly affected by the debt crisis which hurt violently the credit system and especially Greek banks which has been funding shipping business for decades. However, Greek shipowners managed to finance the modernisation of the Greek fleet (Navigating the financing storm 12) as it is presented in Figure 5. Obviously, once again Greek shipowners followed their tradition into anti-cyclical investing. During the period we are going through, investments in shipping have been mitigated. While investors around the world were selling vessels, Greeks were buying second-hand ships and they were placing orders to renew the fleet cheaply.(John Psychas 12). Probably, Greek owners took advantage by the capital gathered from previous successful years. Moreover, the recent years they have been using a combination of traditional and latest methods of financing, following sometimes hybrid solutions. (Syriopoulos 13) Another way of financing is listing. The majority of Greek shipowners realise the advantages of listing but seem reluctant to dare the change. It seems that this attitude is at last another point of strength for Greek shipping as traditional companies are based in their own capital to invest instead of raising financing in stocks market.( John Psychas 12) It is important to be highlighted that during crisis Greek shipping created a ‘’major ally’’ which is the Chinese Banks which they gave financial motivation for construction of ships in Chinese shipyards.(Petropoulos Shipping and ship finance 14). Chinese lenders decided to promote local shipping industry and Greek shipowners took advantage of a $10 billion fund for funding Greek orders in Chinese shipyards under competitive terms and interest (Bardounias 15). This trend is also illustrated in Figure 7. Conclusions and Recommendations: It seems that once again Greek shipping followed the traditional attitude of anti-cyclical investment which can probably guarantee long-term competitiveness in terms of capital cost. Specifically, in the dry bulk sector Greeks will be able to play the asset game which has supported their success so far. The renewal of the whole fleet is a strong signal of an operationally healthy industry for the years to come. However, the exposure of the owners to the container ship and gas tanker sector is a question mark which is not easy to be answered. If the market in these sectors will follow an upward in the near future then it is possible that in a few years we will discuss the diversification of the Greeks as another one outstanding strategic positioning. If not it is possible that this decision will be a very costly one and the diversification strategy will probably be abandoned in the future. The human factor will continue to be on the forefront of the Greek fleet as the heritage of the market sense seems to have been successfully developed by the third generation of the shipowners’ families. On the contrary, what has been built throughout all these years has to be protected. Hence, the new generations have unavoidably to be well-educated and strict evaluated as to be able to manage the business. Nepotism has to be scrutinised I order to guarantee evolution and success. The long-term competitiveness of the Greek shipping can be a reality under the optimum proportion of low-cost operation, sustainable management of traditional family businesses, targeted strategy towards financing and repeating of asset play. The diversification into new sectors can be the next competitive advantage of Greek shipping under the condition that the shipowners monitor the market closely and are adequately flexible and adoptable as to realise the different function of the multiple sectors.

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American lit Essay Example For Students

American lit Essay When did American Literature begin?-with the Native AmericansThree dominant characteristics/themes of Native American Literature?1. Relationship with the land2. Belief in the Great Manito3. Use of natural imagesHow did Columbus describe the New World?-astonishing, colorful, marvelous speed of the canoes, a paradiseIdentify:-Bay Psalm Book: first book published in America-manito: spiritual forces-Walum Olum: painted record-allusion: reference to something-concrete language: short, forceful, cleaner-conceit: controlling image-analogy: comparison-simile: direct comparison using like or as-metaphor: saying it is something its not-antonyms: two opposite words-irony: opposite of whats supposed to happen-sarcasm: low form of irony-Great Awakening: fervent revival of religious dedication-pictographs: word picturesCompare and contrast the literature of Puritans and the southern colonies. -Puritans: simple, religious, practical, examining of spiritual selves,communicated ideas clearly, explained Biblical interpretation-Southerners: flashy, flowery, ornate, complicated, decorativeWhat is the purpose of A Description of New England? How does the author goabout meeting this purpose?-to get people to move to New England; exaggerates the good, doesnt mentionthe badWhat does TULIP stand for? Explain each point. -Total Depravity/inability-Unconditional election/selection-Limited Atonement-Irresistible grace-Perseverance/preservation for the saintsIdentify the conceit of In Reference to Her Children and Huswifery chickens; birds, and spinning wheelWhy was Huswifery not published for 210 years?-author told his family it was too flashy, he didnt want it publishedHow does William Byrds background reveal itself in A progress to the Mines?-well-educated, used frenchWho was he writing to?-the upper class, the well educatedWho does William Byrd visit? Summarize the eventsGive examples of imagery in Jonathan Edwards Sinners.What was the purpose of Sinners? How does he go about meeting his end?-get people to convert/come to Christ, scare people about Hell so much theyfigure theres no other way than to go to HeavenWhat was the shot heard round the world?-first shot of the Rev. War at Concord LexingtonDefine:Stamp Act: colonists had to buy stamps for newspapers, licenses, pamphlets,other documentsQuarte ring Act: colonists made to house British soldiers in homesTownshend Acts: tea, glass, lead, paper taxedCommon Sensewhen published: Jan. 1776, Thomas Paineepitaph: writing on the graveallusion: referring to past known circumstanceoratory: study of speechparallelism: repetitionloaded word:tone: emotion on paperWhat effect did Noah Webster have on spelling and American Literature?-made it independent of England and other outer influence, made a trulyAmerican speechWhat are 2 elements of an American book? How are they particularly American?-natural wilderness (setting) revolution (great human experience)Study the aphorisms from Poor Richards Almanack. What does each mean?How does Henry use allusions in his speech? What effect does it have?-Biblical(meaningful), flattering for them to be compared to the Isralites. Define and identify the value of each:Repetition: saying some things over and over; memorable, forceRhetorical question: assumes audience knows answer; confidence , show sarcasm,connect with audienceImprovisation: speech with no previous thought; forcefulExplain the connection between the location and the roles each tribe and theimage of a long house. Connection between the Social Contract Theory and the Declaration ofIndependence?-Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence based on the idea of theSocial Contract theoryWhere was Bartram from? Where does the example from Travels take place?-from Philadelphia; it comes from eastern FloridaWhat value does a reading like Travels have for us today? Historical,scientific, entertainment?-the history of science, no real value as science itself, entertaining readingWhat s the difference between subjective and objective?-subjective is emotions, objective is factsWhat does Crevecoeur think is so great about America?-it is a place of enlightened ideaIdentify six characteristics of Romanticism in literature-a profound love of naturefocus on self/individual-fascination with dark, supernatural, gothic, mysterious side-yearning for picturesque and exotic-deep rooted idealism-passionate nationalismExplain the major shift in literature during this period. .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df , .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .postImageUrl , .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df , .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df:hover , .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df:visited , .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df:active { border:0!important; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df:active , .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78e79351d63305cc2a8984b214bfb8df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station Accident Essay-was a hobby or business political purposes, changed to writing for arts sakeMatch the following characters with their description and place the charactersin their stories:-Rip Van Winkle: easyk going, aversion to work for himself-Nicholas Vedder: smoker in front of tavern-Dame Van Winkle: married to Rip, a nagging shrew-like wife-Wolf(dog): Rips dog, whipped by Dame Winkle-Peter Vanderdonk: old sage-Diedrich Knickerbocker: made-up author who traveled to hidden Dutch coves tofind old stories. -Major Andre:-Ichabod Crane: tall, skinny, gangly schoolteacher-Katrina Van Tassel: beautiful girl that Ichabod likes, her father is rich-Baltus Van Tassel: Katrinas father who is rich-Brom Bones: other guy who likes Katrina-Gunpowder(horse): the horse Ichabod borrows to go to the dance-Galloping Hessian: old ghost story, headless horseman who wanders aroundlooking for his head-Daredevil(horse): Broms half-wild horse-Tom Walker: sells his soul to the devil for Kidds $-Deacon Peabody: owns the swamp, got his money from killing Indians, deep cutsin the tree with his name on it-Kidd the Pirate: hid his stolen gold and the devil is guarding it-Henry March:-Natty Bumpo:-Lenore: woman the poet from Raven who died or left him-Pluto: first black cat-Luchesi:-Fortunato:-Montresor:Who was Diedrich Knickerbocker? Who created him and for what purpose?-Washington Irving created a romantic guy who listens to old wives tales andwrites them down. Characterize Rip Van Winkle. -easy going, unambitious, cheerful, followed by children and dogs, aversion toprofitable labor, like squirrel hunting and fishing with his dog. Where does The Legend of Sleepy Hollow take place?-Tarry Town: men would linger around the tavern and the wives named it thatDescribe Ichabod Crane:-a teacher, long, skinny, big nose, low forehead, strict with children sparethe rod, spoil the childWhy did Irving choose Puritan New England as the setting for Devil and TomWalker?-they had a great fear of damnationDescribe the initial encounter with the Devil, wifes involvement, terms oftoms deal, occupation, Toms fate. Translate Thanatopsis. Summarize Bryants thanatopsis. -view of death, Bryants view was deaath is one with nature, be with othergreat people who have gone before, etc. Define:-meter: regular rhythm in poetry, unit of meter-foot of poetry: stressed/unstressed syllables/ one stressed two unstressedsyllablesHow is the Black Cat an example of Romantic Literature?-focus on self and individual, fascination with the supernatural, gothicCompare and contrast the following views on the dark side of humanity:-Death Instinct/Spirit o Perverseness: Freud and Poedark side is constantlypresent-Sinful Nature: Christianitythere is a way outAccording to Montressor, what are the two requirements of meaningful revenge?-cant be consumed by it, once youve taken your revenge, drop it-dont let the person know youre upset with them and seeking revengeWords/ Pages : 993 / 24